Horse racing is an equestrian performance sport, typically involving two or more horses ridden by jockeys (or sometimes driven without riders) over a set distance for competition. In recent years the vast majority of greyhound tracks have closed due to declining betting revenue,. However, there are hopes that racing fans could be placing bets from. Here’s a look at some of the new rules: AMENDMENT 13 – DOG RACING REACHES FINISH LINE. Today, many legislators, like Del. Is horse racing illegal? In fact, online horse race betting is legal in 41 of the 50 states. Are there any dog racing tracks in the US? […]Is there still dog racing in the United States? Dog racing is illegal. It is illegal to bet on horse racing in the UK, but dog racing is not currently subject to the same regulations. Dog racing has been illegal in many countries and states due to its inherent animal cruelty. Racing greyhounds is a waste of money since they are not able to produce any real racing ability and the industry is rife with corruption. In just two states, pari. Parimutuel wagering is illegal in other states, thus precluding dog racing. But is Greyhound racing legal? Is it cruel? Yes, it is a cruel practice for many reasons. In its mission statement, organisation says, “Greyhound racing is cruel and inhumane, and should be prohibited. The greyhound racing industry treats dogs like machines. Email. Same with horse racing, which I wish was illegal. In 1990, there was nearly $1 billion bet on live dog races in Florida, one of the remaining hotbeds for the. The reasons why whips should be banned in horse racing? Whether it hurts the animal or not, whipping a horse conveys a terrible image of the sport to the general public. On Jan. Training horses to respond to unusual cues. " The Racing Medication and Testing Consortium currently lists 30 approved therapeutic medications, including. Five tracks were built and operated over the years, but only “TGP” remained. First, the dogs in these races are often kept in horrendous. But Arizona law mandates that to offer simulcast races and off track betting, Tucson Greyhound Park has to offer live racing as well. Athletics and swimming are rife with it. Virgin Islands. Over time, racing went from the use of just two dogs to up to eight dogs racing against each other at a time. pyramid games illegal. As the industry began to decline, many racetrack executives claimed that increased protections had been put into place over recent years. The reason for this is that horse racing is considered to be a form of gambling, and gambling is illegal in Georgia. Dog racing, which is almost exclusively greyhound racing in the U. By 1935. Australia’s greyhound racing industry is facing continued public scrutiny following multiple allegations of animal cruelty including brutal live baiting, corruption, harrassment, and exports to supply China’s illegal gambling industry. A subsidy to the Iowa greyhound industry sunsets at the end of 2022, which could finish dog racing two years from now in the Hawkeye State. Carey Theil, executive director of the Grey2K group. See full list on casino. strong animals, horses can be hurt very easily. Etc Racehorses are very expensive, so most owners have only a couple and pay them a lot of individual attention. Chinese Granite; Imported Granite; Chinese Marble; Imported Marble; China Slate & Sandstone; Quartz stoneDog racing is illegal In six states, all dog tracks have closed and ceased live racing, but a prohibitory statute has yet to be enacted. The horses are not consenting athletes who can give. Recipients were told in the very first line of the report: “Greyhound racing is illegal. Their bones are still growing, and their bodies aren’t ready for the pressure of running at full speed on a hard track, so they can get injured more easily than older horses. states including — Alabama, Arkansas, Iowa, Texas and West Virginia. how to pronounce canadian cities. There are essentially three types of people in horse racing. Why we should stop greyhound racing? Racing greyhounds endure lives of confinement, are subject to. Motherfucking lobbyists. In 41 U. Dogs were found to suffer from flea and worm infestations, untreated injuries, malnutrition and dental problems. Do Greyhounds enjoy racing? 3. The Cruelty of Greyhound Dog Racing. There are currently 2 dog tracks remaining in 1 state. Dog racing aims to demonstrate and preserve the abilities for which greyhounds were originally bred. More than 3,000 dogs have suffered broken legs and other injuries such as crushed skulls, broken backs, paralysis and electrocutions. Greyhounds have an average racing lifespan of just four years, barring injuries, according to the NSPCA. The types of drugs administered to racing dogs range from muscle relaxants and anesthetics (used to treat and mask racing-related injuries) to stimulants and street drugs. Social. It's also a sport with blood on its hands: blood and cruelty. In five. The industry is not economically viable either, and has been in decline for some years now. Greyhounds were a beloved breed of the Egyptians. In 2007, state legislation established exclusive rights and requirements that all state casino table games and video lottery machines can only operate where there is also horse and. Tallahassee. Greyhound racing was illegal for some years, until Florida lawmakers passed a bill in 1931. Imported dogs are used in breeding regimes that create a greyhound. However regulation of regional events is common. In others like Iowa, state officials allowed. is coming to an end Concerns about the dogs’ welfare and declining betting revenue have led tracks across the country to close in. In just three states, pari-mutuel dog racing remains legal and operational. Back in 1981, the Las Vegas Downs track in. When the government made it illegal to place bets on sports, the horse racing lobbyists got a special exemption just for them. Any adult may hold an annual game night with a license, if no consideration is involved except goodwill. As recently as 2000, there were 45 dog tracks running in the U. Startseite; Die Bäckerei. In only 5 states, pari-mutuel hound racing stays lawful and operational. While Horse racing in Palio di Legnano 2013. It's because the dogs are far more exploited than the horses and they are given a lowered quality of life. Dog racing’s infamous doping outrages hardly out-scandalize the odious administration of performance enhancing drugs by horse trainers along with the pain killers that allow injured horses to. Greyhounds are at a disadvantage even before they are born. 00: Pari-mutuel rules for thoroughbred racing, harness racing, and greyhound racing ; 205 CMR 7. A horse or dog can live many years past their racing career (and many many don’t have a career), caring for them at even a minimal level outstrips any earnings, with cattle from day 1 every one understands they are food. Greyhound racing is an industry rife with neglect and abuse. Few complaints receive valid attention. Riding horses injures them, particularly when they're younger than five years old. 3-billion racing industry. What states still allow dog racing? Today, the only states that still allow greyhound racing and have active tracks are Alabama, Arkansas, Iowa, Texas and West Virginia. In 2015, explosive investigations undertaken by Animals Australia and Animal Liberation Queensland. There are no. In that case, investigators found anabolic steroids, stolen cars and stolen guns at the track. "Dog racing, as a whole, hasn't adapted much to new entertainment options," Abarbanel said. Arizona’s Department of Racing will have to come up with rules before the system can go live, and that will take some time. The lack of regulation fuels corruption and greed. Lawmaker Spotlights. Are greyhound races illegal?54-2514A. There are four states that do not have active racetracks, but still have laws legalizing greyhound racing. Dog racing is illegal Those states are Oregon, Connecticut, Kansas, Texas, Wisconsin and Alabama. In addition to Washington D. Greyhound racing is legal in many countries, and it’s considered an important part of the culture in. The Interstate Horse Racing Act of 1978 allowed race tracks (both for horses and greyhounds), to broadcast their races to other locations and accept bets. The final race in the state will take place at Palm Beach Kennel Club on New. But despite not having the same heights to its learning curve as betting horse races, dog racing has drawbacks compared to other types of wagering. Dog racing is illegal. Now Phil Ruffin is looking at a future with a greyhound park without greyhounds featuring slot machines that aren’t slots. Those states are Wisconsin, Connecticut, Kansas, and Oregon. how to pronounce canadian cities. S. As greyhound racing is resumed, Im Sophie leads round a bend during the 10:21 race at Perry Barr Greyhound Stadium, near Birmingham, England. e. Making racing illegal would put some 125 tracks out of business, and the horses that live there would face eviction. Why is dog racing bad? Every year, thousands of young and healthy Greyhound dogs are killed merely because they lack winning potential, were injured while racing or are no longer competitive. Amounts paid with respect to identical wagers are treated as paid with respect to a single wager for purposes of calculatingMy gut says, horse racing will be - it's just too "traditional" for it not to be, and there will always be "horse people" interested in both the interests of the horses and the interests of racing to keep it going somewhere, even if, for example, the only racing left in California ends up being, say, Del Mar and three weeks at Pleasanton - but. That is why the same questions will never be posed about horse racing. Raffles not exceeding $200 in value; bingo legal. In only 5 states, pari-mutuel hound racing stays lawful and operational. Sports betting is considered illegal but with exceptions. Dog racing has been illegal in South Africa since 1949. Joe T. This table lists the most common drugs used on greyhounds, why they are used and the health risks for dogs. Dog racing is illegal. The main question this article addresses is whether there is any policy reason why dog racing and wagering should not be legalised and regulated. Dog racing to be started on a commercial level for the first time in India. [1] Track racing uses an artificial lure (usually a form of windsock) [2] that. October 8, 2019 at 1:28 pm. According to GREY2K USA, an anti-racing organization, dog racing is illegal in 41 states. The sport was. There are only two operational dog tracks remaining in the United States, both in West Virginia. For the few minutes that they spend on a track during a race, they spend up to 23 hours a day confined to a cramped cage or kennel. Horse racing is a form of cruelty to animals. Petersburg is set for Dec. Fahrverkauf Ingolstadt; PreiseEvery year, thousands of young and healthy Greyhound dogs are killed merely because they lack winning potential, were injured while racing or are no longer competitive. We do know, however that abuse does happen and for the following reasons greyhound racing should be regulated: 1. 4 billion in 2017 to over $7. Commercial greyhound racing is illegal in 42 states. Dog racing is illegal. Is horse racing illegal in Kentucky? These trips are made necessary because Kentucky is one of 27 states that does not allow sports betting within its borders. Rep. The dogs spend their whole lives in tiny cages. In six states, all dog tracks have closed and ceased live racing, but a prohibitory statute has yet to be enacted. Amendment design. m. That limits the pool of states from which betting hubs can accept dog racing bets to about 10. adobe. Those states are Oregon, Connecticut, Kansas, Texas, Wisconsin and Alabama. The oval track used a mechanical lure rather than live lures. Then, once it has been categorised as a long shot, the dog can run without drugs, vastly increasing its chances of winning. Since GREY2K USA Worldwide began its national campaign in 2001, forty-six American dog tracks have closed or ceased live racing operations. Even if racing ended globally, the breed will be fine. The amendment adds the following language to the state’s. 8 out of 5 (13 votes) The horses are exceedingly well-cared for and are never abused, either on or off the track, nor are they dissatisfied with. According to GREY2K USA Worldwide , an average of between 500 and 1,000 dogs are required in order to operate a racetrack. states, for-profit dog racing is against the law. In most of the places where it continues, track operators want lawmakers to boost or. X, by adding a new section. In the waning days of July, Representatives Tony Cárdenas and Steve Cohen introduced the Greyhound Protection Act ( HR 7826 ). The last one at Derby Lane in St. 2 million in fiscal 1985 to $3. This means that each year, dogs are bred who are unsuitable for racing and are then considered superfluous to the needs of the industry. According to Greyhound Crossroads, when greyhounds are racing they do so with their mouths open. U. While some of these dogs are sent to rescue groups, others are simply killed or returned to breeding facilities to serve as breeding stock. This law prohibits anyone from unjustifiably overdriving, torturing, injuring, or killing animals. Gamblers across America wagered $6. Steve Noyce, general manager of the Greyhound Breeders, Owners and Trainers Association. The state does not have any legal horse racing tracks, and there are no legal races held in the state. Those states are Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Kansas. In the last five years, total wagering, or “turnover,” on races rose from $4. In Pennsylvania,. emerged in the 1920s. In Florida, dog tracks fetched $135. The track’s horrid conditions have earned it the reputation of the worst track in the world for greyhound welfare. Horses being unloaded for slaughter. 1. One significant change in the new rules is the substantial increase in out-of-competition testing. There also has been the ongoing issue of what happens to the dogs that do not measure up. Fahrverkauf Ingolstadt; PreiseHome; About Us. In just two states, pari. 2. Pens are for the most part not climate controlled and the dogs are subject to weather extremes and the elements. . Injuries are very common in greyhound racing and are a major cause of dog suffering and wastage. Those states are Alabama, Connecticut, Kansas, Iowa, Texas, and Wisconsin. 1, 2021. Cynthia Creem, a Newton Democrat, the Senate should get a chance to support closure of the loophole that has allowed the continued betting on greyhound race simulcasts. . But those are the most valuable horses alive and they are taken very good care of. There are significant differences between a drug being illegal, banned or controlled substances for horse racing. In 2018, Florida voters approved an amendment that made wagering on dog racing in the state illegal, effectively banning the sport. GREY2K, the Humane Society and other groups have long argued that greyhound racing was cruel, including its longtime practice of killing dogs that weren’t deemed top racers, using drugs to. These docile animals are kept in stacked cages. The State Racing Commission had advised that dog racing was an invitation to fraud, “anti-economic and opposed to the best interests of sports,” and particularly detrimental to the existing enterprise of horse racing. This decline is the result of increased public awareness that dog racing is cruel and inhumane, coupled with competition fromThe facilities were crude and the sport was, in fact, still illegal, but Stutz was intrigued with it, and within a year he had spent $200 for a dog named Ladonia Buck. Siebenbürgische Spezialitäten Erzeugnisse aus der Heimat nach original Rezepten. An estimated 10,000 “unprofitable” or simply unwanted Thoroughbreds from the U. S. The law prohibited people from placing bets on a sports game. Siebenbürgische Spezialitäten Erzeugnisse aus der Heimat nach original Rezepten. Which is why the dogs are still running-- eight at a time, 16 races a night, 140 nights a year-- in front of mostly empty bleachers. Those states are Oregon, Connecticut, Kansas, Texas, Wisconsin and Alabama. Dog racing, which is almost exclusively greyhound racing in the U. Startseite; Die Bäckerei. According to the Animal Welfare Institute, horse meat is illegal because it is. Those states are Oregon, Connecticut, Kansas, Texas, Wisconsin and Alabama. Do they still have dog races? Dog racing is illegal In six states, all dog tracks have closed and ceased live racing, but a prohibitory statute has yet to be enacted. Greyhound racing in the United States is a sport and parimutuel gambling activity. While greyhound racing is now illegal in China and the Canidrome has shut down under international pressure, the racing still persists underground. [1] Attendances have declined in recent years, mainly due to the decrease in evening fixtures with the majority of fixtures being held in the daytime. In just two states, pari-mutuel dog racing remains legal and operational. He placed racing bets every chance he could. Those states are Wisconsin, Connecticut, Kansas, and Oregon. In terms of economic impact, horse racing directly accounts for $10. intending to receive, record or forward bets or offers to bet possessing facilities to do so. Is horse racing illegal? Is dog racing legal in Australia? Where do greyhounds race in Sydney? When did greyhounds come to Australia? NSW banned the sport in the wake of the scandal but the decision was wound back three months later. Dan. Read more and. Ban horse racing, and people not only lose their way to earn a living, but they also become deprived of a way of life enriched by working hands-on with horses. Dog racing was already illegal in 40 states, including Ohio and Pennsylvania. Dog racing is illegal Those states are Oregon, Connecticut, Kansas, Texas, Wisconsin and Alabama. More than 80,000 young Greyhounds have entered the racing industry. Horse racing is not just a sport, but also an industry and unlike most other sports arenas, horse racetracks, with few exceptions, are directly supported by legal gambling. (5. Recipients were told in the very first line of the report: “Greyhound racing is illegal in 39 states. Those states are Connecticut, Oregon, Wisconsin, and Kansa. Guides. In just three states, pari-mutuel dog racing remains legal and operational. The Racing Control Act did not authorize betting on dog. Greyhounds used for racing […]Horse Racing Background. Today, betting on horse races is legal in most. So with all this in mind, and knowing how my family is personally connected to it, I can say yes, horse racing is animal abuse. 5 billion in 1991 to approximately $500 million in 2014, according to a statistical report by the Association of Racing Commissioners. 235? Greyhound racing. Today, the only states that still allow greyhound racing and have active tracks are Alabama, Arkansas, Iowa, Texas and West Virginia. 5 billion in 1991 to about $500 million in 2014. As an animal rights organization, PETA recognizes that certain precautions can reduce deaths. Greyhound racing is a competitive ‘sport’ in which greyhounds race around an enclosed track in pursuit of a mechanical hare. S. 27, and the. As dog racing fades in the United States, it is moving across the border and the criminality of greyhound racing is particularly attractive to cartel affiliated groups trying to capitalize on it. These tracks were venues for illegal gambling. The text of the bill has not yet been published, but Rep. In six states, all dog tracks have closed and ceased live racing, but a prohibitory statute has yet to be enacted. . Gavin Newsom to form an independent panel to investigate how the track, breeders, owners, trainers, jockeys and veterinarians treat the. There is no evidence that dog racing is a widespread activity in the United States. Although dog racing was not legal, 67 tracks had opened across the country by 1930. Its probably because the point of horse racing is gambling. Dog racing is illegal. The Interstate Horse Racing Act of. Those states are Alabama, Connecticut, Kansas, Iowa, Texas, and Wisconsin. Horse racing was exempted when the federal government enacted the anti-gambling act in 2006. S. Why we should stop greyhound racing? Racing greyhounds endure lives of confinement, are subject to. Reminder: Unlike cockfighting and dogfighting the object of a horse race is not the death of one of the animls. Although dog racing was not legal, 67 tracks had opened across the country by 1930. In Egypt, there are murals depicting lavish dog races as early as 2,500 B. Additionally, in 2020 several racetracks shut down due to COVID restrictions and switched to other types of gambling, thankfully for the dogs. GameStop Moderna Pfizer Johnson & Johnson AstraZeneca Walgreens Best Buy Novavax SpaceX Tesla. It provides a synopsis of South Africa’s current legal position on dog racing and the betting thereon. Op. Cárdenas explained the legislation’s intent in a statement last week: Greyhound racing is cruel and must end. Bikejoring: A biking sport where cyclists ride on trails with one to two dogs pulling in front. In just three states, pari-mutuel dog racing remains legal and operational. The other reason Greyhounds wear muzzles when racing may surprise you. According to reports he was also fined $100,000 and banned from owning or part owning, but not breeding, thoroughbred racehorses. Then, once it has been categorised as a long shot, the dog can run without drugs, vastly increasing its chances of winning. e. In six states, all dog tracks have closed and ceased live racing, but a prohibitory statute has yet to be enacted. Human bone marrow can become toxic and cause death as a result of this. The legislation was proposed last year due […]8. Of the drug positives reported, more than 70 revealed exposure to cocaine, an illegal narcotic that has “no generally accepted medical use” in racing animals. Is horse racing illegal? In fact, online horse race betting is legal in 41 of the 50 states. The winning horse gets a purse, and betting is the fundamental to the "sport". 9. The health and life of a dog don’t fit into the equation. The Interstate Horse Racing Act of 1978 allowed race tracks (both for horses and greyhounds), to broadcast their races to other locations and accept bets. Conducting dog racing for gambling purposes was not always criminal in Nevada. Petersburg’s Derby Lane ends for good Sunday with a 12:30 p. In this day and age, it is. Dog racing is illegal Those states are Oregon, Connecticut, Kansas, Texas, Wisconsin and Alabama. 5 billion in 1991 to approximately $500 million in 2014, according to a statistical report by the Association of Racing Commissioners. It also makes it illegal for any person to cause, permit, or or further any act. Dog racing is illegal. state-by-state page. Dog racing is only illegal in ONE state - Idaho. can also mask pain or make a horse run faster. The unregulated practice of horse racing has created a world where abuse is condoned or overlooked by regulatory bodies. Racing Greyhounds routinely experience terrible injuries on the track such as broken legs, cardiac arrest, spinal cord paralysis and broken. It’s one of the only legal forms of gambling available today in the Lone Star state, alongside land-based casino gaming at. Despite their clear illegality, some trainers and jockeys still choose to use these devices to coerce horses in a desperate attempt to win races. In many countries, greyhound racing is purely amateur and solely for enjoyment. There are two forms of greyhound racing, track racing (normally around an oval track) and coursing; the latter is now banned in most countries. S. Greyhound racing is a competitive ‘sport’ in which greyhounds race around an enclosed track in pursuit of a mechanical hare. receiving all or part of the earnings of a gambling place. This means that races can take place, and gambling can take place on them. Horse and dog racers always cry how much they care and how they are so well treated, until they can’t make them any money. Horse racing is rubbish because it's got very little to do with horses actually racing. Some of the reasons why horse racing is not popular in some states are because of the high costs involved (in Florida for example it costs around $25 per race), strict regulations on how the races can be run, and opposition. S. Another area where dog racing is prohibited is the U. PETA had begun a smear campaign against horse racing some years ago and released a lot of misleading information and made up facts. The bill would amend the Wire Act. [P]ari -mutuel wagering on horse racing may not be conducte d legally in Tennessee after June 30, 1998. how to pronounce canadian cities. The letter, which will be signed by as many local humane societies as possible, will be circulated to all members of Congress to urge passage of the bill. Fahrverkauf Ingolstadt; PreiseGreyhound racing is illegal in 39 states, and waning interest and profits have shuttered racing in four others. Gamblers across America wagered $6. According to the House’s plan , slot machines could not be operated at any facility that conducts either. Hopefully, with greater education about the animal welfare. I have learned through media reports that a report called “High Stakes Greyhound Racing in the United States” has been circulated from a group called Grey2K USA. Siebenbürgische Spezialitäten Erzeugnisse aus der Heimat nach original Rezepten. , but the sport has experienced a steady decline in recent years amid growing sentiment that the canine athletes Online Casinos ReviewsThe owner of a Pinellas County greyhound kennel has gone to an appeals court after a circuit judge dismissed a lawsuit stemming from a Greyhound racing is illegal in China. There are two forms of greyhound racing, track racing (normally around an oval track) and coursing; the latter is now banned in most countries. Tammy Franks says the Greens do not support any horse or dog racing. I'm under the opinion that it should be banned because of the countless unnecessary deaths it has cost to both rider and horse. The final race in the state will take place at Palm. Virgin Islands. The prohibition on live dog racing approved on the 2008 ballot took effect in 2010, but races held in other states and countries are still regularly simulcast into Massachusetts for bettors to. Possession or use of a jigger is a breach of the rules of racing and is an act of cruelty under animal welfare legislation. Dogs chased a “mechanical rabbit” around a track. The controversial dog racing sport is legal in Kansas, but there are no active tracks. Others argue that horse racing is not really cruel because the horses usually don’t suffer very. Amendment 13, the last constitutional amendment on the ballot,1 amends Fla. Amendment 13 wouldn’t just ban dog racing. Online betting is prohibited in some states, although many cities still allow their residents. Nearly a century of racing has come to an end in the UK. Mainly horse. Though Nevada does permit horse racing for gaming purposes. 3. 00: Rules of greyhound racing ; 205 CMR 6. Company Information; FAQ; Stone Materials. 9 million in wagers in fiscal year 2019-20, a 29-percent drop from the $191. . Where are greyhound races banned? Greyhound racing is now officially banned in Canberra, ACT, Australia’s capital city. Greyhounds are at a disadvantage even before they are born. Those states are Wisconsin, Connecticut, Kansas, and Oregon. 27, and the. Industrial greyhound racing is now illegal in more than 40 states, including Florida as of January 1, 2021. These rules affect boxes 1 and 4 under the instructions for Horse Racing, Dog Racing, Jai Alai, and Other Wagering Transactions Not Discussed Later. Pens and kennels have been found to be squalid. It still takes some degree of knowledge. The two primary reasons Greyhounds wear muzzles when racing are: When Greyhounds race they get extremely stimulated and aroused. These states are West Virginia, Arkansas and Iowa. Is horse racing illegal? In fact, online horse race betting is legal in 41 of the 50 states. Dog racing illegal after the effective date of this act. In the U. ) Race dogs live in crates or pens an average of 20 hours per day. In fact, a big part of why the gambling lobby in Florida backed the ban was their weird casino laws and dog racing being not profitable. It makes one wonder then why every horse is not tested every single race. In others like Iowa, state officials allowed. Dogs chased a "mechanical rabbit" around a track. You can also participate in charitable games and social gambling that do not bring a profit to the player or host. Dog racing is illegal In six states, all dog tracks have closed and ceased live racing, but a prohibitory statute has yet to be enacted. In just three states, pari-mutuel dog racing remains legal and operational. [1] Track racing uses an artificial lure (usually a form of windsock) [2] that travels. Nearly a century of greyhound racing at St. Is dog racing still legal in the United States? Today, the only states that still allow greyhound racing and have active tracks are Alabama, Arkansas, Iowa, Texas and West Virginia. R. supervision . The Horse Racing Industry . This decision was met with mixed reactions, but the ban remains in place, making NSW the first Australian state to. However, breeders often went on strike and threatened to kill whole litters of greyhounds in the 1970s, and the use of illegal live lures continued to be a problem even into the 2000s, which gathered negative media attention. Dog racing, a popular form of sport in the United States, is regulated by state law. In 2018, Florida voters approved an amendment that made wagering on dog racing in the state illegal, effectively banning the sport. Secondly, most jockeys never actually hit the horse.